A medical root word (also called a word root) is the core of a medical term and carries its main meaning, usually a body part: cardi means heart, hem or hemat means blood and my or muscul means muscle. Add a combining vowel, usually o, and you get a combining form such as cardi/o, which links the root to suffixes and other roots to build terms like cardiology, the study of the heart.
Below are the most useful root words and combining forms by body system, plus colors and general words, each with its meaning and a real example term. You will also find Greek and Latin pairs, look-alike roots, worked examples and a short quiz. For the beginnings and endings of terms, see our list of medical prefixes and suffixes with meanings and examples.
In this guide:
- Word roots, combining forms and combining vowels
- Root words by body system: cardiovascular, blood and immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, musculoskeletal, nervous, skin, endocrine, eye and ear
- Colors and general words (cell, tissue, disease, water and more)
- Greek and Latin pairs and look-alike roots
- How to break down a medical term
- Quick quiz with answers
- Frequently asked questions
Word Roots, Combining Forms and Combining Vowels
A word root is the foundation of a medical term. Most roots name a body part (gastr, stomach), but some name a substance (glyc, sugar), a color (erythr, red) or a quality (scler, hard). Most medical terms contain at least one root, and many contain two or more.
A combining vowel, usually o, links a root to another word part and makes the term easier to say. A root plus its combining vowel is a combining form, written with a slash: gastr/o. The vowel is occasionally i or e, as in pelv/i (pelvis) and chol/e (bile). Three rules cover most terms:
- Keep the vowel before a suffix that starts with a consonant: gastr/o + -scopy = gastroscopy.
- Drop the vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel: gastr/o + -itis = gastritis, not "gastroitis."
- Keep the vowel between two roots, even when the second root starts with a vowel: gastr/o + enter/o + -logy = gastroenterology.
A few established terms break these rules, and some roots have more than one form with the same meaning, such as hem/o and hemat/o (blood) or ten/o, tend/o and tendin/o (tendon). When in doubt, check the spelling in a medical dictionary.
Cardiovascular System Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| cardi/o | heart | Cardiomegaly: an enlarged heart |
| angi/o | vessel (usually a blood vessel) | Angioplasty: a procedure to widen a narrowed or blocked blood vessel |
| vas/o | vessel; also duct (the vas deferens) | Vasoconstriction: narrowing of blood vessels |
| arteri/o | artery | Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries |
| ather/o | fatty plaque | Atherosclerosis: hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of fatty plaque |
| phleb/o | vein | Phlebitis: inflammation of a vein |
| ven/o | vein | Intravenous: within a vein |
| aort/o | aorta | Aortic stenosis: narrowing of the aortic valve opening |
| atri/o | atrium (upper chamber of the heart) | Atrial fibrillation: an irregular, often fast heart rhythm that starts in the atria |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (lower chamber of the heart; also a fluid-filled cavity in the brain) | Ventricular tachycardia: a fast heart rhythm that starts in the ventricles |
| sphygm/o | pulse | Sphygmomanometer: the device used to measure blood pressure |
Blood and Immune System Root Words
The root words for blood are hem/o and hemat/o. Don't confuse them with the prefix hemi-, which means half.
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| hem/o, hemat/o | blood | Hematoma: a collection of blood outside the blood vessels |
| thromb/o | clot | Thrombosis: formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel |
| coagul/o | clotting | Anticoagulant: a medicine that slows blood clotting |
| myel/o | bone marrow; also spinal cord | Myelosuppression: reduced bone marrow activity, so fewer blood cells are made |
| phag/o | eat, swallow | Phagocyte: a cell that engulfs and destroys microorganisms and cell debris |
| immun/o | immune, protection | Immunology: the study of the immune system |
| lymph/o | lymph | Lymphedema: swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid |
| lymphaden/o | lymph node | Lymphadenopathy: disease of the lymph nodes, most often meaning swollen nodes |
| splen/o | spleen | Splenomegaly: an enlarged spleen |
Respiratory System Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| pneum/o, pneumon/o | lung; air | Pneumonia: an infection of one or both lungs that fills the air sacs with fluid or pus. Pneumothorax: air in the space around a lung, which can make it collapse |
| pulmon/o | lung | Pulmonology: the specialty that diagnoses and treats lung diseases |
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | bronchus (large airway) | Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes |
| trache/o | trachea (windpipe) | Tracheostomy: a surgical opening into the windpipe |
| laryng/o | larynx (voice box) | Laryngitis: inflammation of the voice box, often causing hoarseness |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) | Pharyngitis: inflammation of the throat |
| rhin/o | nose | Rhinitis: inflammation of the lining of the nose |
| pleur/o | pleura (membrane around the lungs) | Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleura |
| spir/o | breathing | Spirometry: a breathing test that measures how much air you can breathe out and how fast you can breathe it out |
| ox/o, ox/i | oxygen | Hypoxemia: a low level of oxygen in the blood |
| thorac/o | chest | Thoracotomy: a surgical incision into the chest wall |
Digestive System Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| or/o | mouth | Oral: pertaining to the mouth |
| stomat/o | mouth | Stomatitis: inflammation of the lining of the mouth |
| gloss/o | tongue | Glossitis: inflammation of the tongue |
| lingu/o | tongue | Sublingual: under the tongue |
| esophag/o | esophagus | Esophagitis: inflammation of the esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach | Gastritis: inflammation of the stomach lining |
| enter/o | intestine (usually the small intestine) | Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the stomach and intestines |
| col/o, colon/o | colon (large intestine) | Colitis: inflammation of the colon |
| proct/o | anus and rectum | Proctoscopy: examination of the anus and rectum with a scope |
| hepat/o | liver | Hepatitis: inflammation of the liver |
| chol/e | bile, gall | Cholelithiasis: the presence of gallstones |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder | Cholecystitis: inflammation of the gallbladder |
| pancreat/o | pancreas | Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas |
| lapar/o | abdomen, abdominal wall | Laparoscopy: examination of the inside of the abdomen with a thin, lighted scope inserted through a small incision |
Urinary System Root Words
Watch the spelling: the ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and the urethra carries it out of the body.
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| nephr/o | kidney | Nephrolithiasis: the presence of stones in the kidney |
| ren/o | kidney | Renal: pertaining to the kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis (the collecting area in the center of the kidney) | Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually from a bacterial infection |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus (a tiny cluster of capillaries that filters blood) | Glomerulonephritis: inflammation of the glomeruli |
| ur/o, urin/o | urine; urinary tract | Urinalysis: a laboratory test of a urine sample |
| ureter/o | ureter | Ureteroscopy: examination of the ureter with a thin scope |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder; also sac or cyst | Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder, usually from infection |
| vesic/o | urinary bladder | Vesicoureteral reflux: backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters |
| urethr/o | urethra | Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra |
Reproductive System Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| hyster/o, uter/o | uterus | Hysterectomy: removal of the uterus |
| oophor/o, ovari/o | ovary | Oophorectomy: removal of one or both ovaries |
| salping/o | fallopian (uterine) tube; also the eustachian (auditory) tube | Salpingectomy: removal of a fallopian tube |
| colp/o, vagin/o | vagina | Colposcopy: examination of the vagina and cervix with a lighted magnifying instrument |
| cervic/o | cervix (the neck of the uterus); also neck | Cervical: pertaining to the cervix, or to the neck |
| mamm/o, mast/o | breast | Mammogram: an X-ray image of the breast. Mastectomy: removal of a breast |
| men/o | menstruation | Amenorrhea: absence of menstrual periods |
| gynec/o | woman, female | Gynecology: the specialty that cares for the female reproductive system |
| orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o | testis (testicle) | Orchitis: inflammation of a testicle |
| prostat/o | prostate gland | Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate (note the spelling: prostate, not "prostrate") |
| vas/o | vas deferens; also vessel | Vasectomy: cutting or blocking the vas deferens for permanent birth control |
Musculoskeletal System Root Words
The root words for muscle are my/o (Greek) and muscul/o (Latin). Both come from words for "mouse," because the shape and movement of some muscles were thought to resemble a mouse.
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| my/o | muscle | Myalgia: muscle pain. Myocardium: the heart muscle |
| muscul/o | muscle | Musculoskeletal: pertaining to the muscles and skeleton |
| oste/o | bone | Osteoporosis: a disease that thins and weakens bones so they break more easily |
| arthr/o | joint | Arthritis: inflammation of a joint |
| chondr/o | cartilage | Costochondritis: inflammation of the cartilage that joins the ribs to the breastbone |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon | Tendinitis (also spelled tendonitis): inflammation of a tendon |
| cost/o | rib | Intercostal: between the ribs |
| crani/o | skull | Craniotomy: surgical opening of the skull |
| spondyl/o, vertebr/o | vertebra (bone of the spine) | Spondylitis: inflammation of the vertebrae |
Nervous System Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| neur/o | nerve | Neuralgia: pain along the course of a nerve |
| encephal/o | brain | Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum (the largest part of the brain) | Cerebrovascular: pertaining to the blood vessels of the brain, as in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) |
| mening/o | meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) | Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord; also bone marrow | Myelomeningocele: a birth defect in which the spinal cord and meninges push out through an opening in the spine (the most serious type of spina bifida) |
| radicul/o | nerve root | Radiculopathy: irritation of or damage to a spinal nerve root, which can cause pain, numbness or weakness |
| gli/o | glue; glial (supporting) cells of the nervous system | Glioma: a tumor that starts in glial cells |
| esthesi/o | sensation, feeling | Anesthesia: loss of sensation |
Integumentary System (Skin) Root Words
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| derm/o, dermat/o | skin | Dermatitis: inflammation of the skin |
| cutane/o | skin | Subcutaneous: beneath the skin |
| kerat/o | hard, horny tissue (keratin); also cornea | Actinic keratosis: a rough, scaly skin patch caused by years of sun exposure that can sometimes turn into skin cancer |
| onych/o, ungu/o | nail | Onychomycosis: a fungal infection of a nail |
| trich/o, pil/o | hair | Trichotillomania: a disorder of repeatedly pulling out one's own hair |
| hidr/o | sweat | Hyperhidrosis: excessive sweating |
| seb/o | sebum (skin oil) | Sebaceous gland: an oil-producing gland in the skin |
Endocrine System Root Words
For the pancreas (pancreat/o), see the digestive table. Kal/i and natr/o come from the Latin names kalium and natrium, which is why potassium and sodium have the chemical symbols K and Na.
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| aden/o | gland | Adenoma: a noncancerous tumor that starts in glandular tissue |
| crin/o | secrete | Endocrinology: the study and treatment of hormone-producing glands and their disorders |
| thyr/o, thyroid/o | thyroid gland | Hyperthyroidism: an overactive thyroid gland |
| adren/o, adrenal/o | adrenal gland | Adrenalectomy: removal of an adrenal gland |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland | Hypopituitarism: an underactive pituitary gland |
| gonad/o | sex glands (ovaries or testes) | Hypogonadism: a condition in which the sex glands make little or no sex hormones |
| glyc/o, gluc/o | sugar, glucose | Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar |
| kal/i | potassium | Hyperkalemia: a high level of potassium in the blood |
| natr/o | sodium | Hyponatremia: a low level of sodium in the blood |
| acr/o | extremities; also height or top (as in acrophobia, fear of heights) | Acromegaly: enlargement of the hands, feet and face caused by too much growth hormone in adulthood |
Eye and Ear Root Words
Eye
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| ophthalm/o | eye | Ophthalmologist: a physician who specializes in eye and vision care, including eye surgery |
| ocul/o | eye | Intraocular: within the eye, as in intraocular pressure |
| opt/o, optic/o | eye, vision | Optic nerve: the nerve that carries visual signals from the eye to the brain |
| blephar/o | eyelid | Blepharitis: inflammation of the eyelids |
| kerat/o | cornea; also hard, horny tissue | Keratitis: inflammation of the cornea |
| retin/o | retina | Retinopathy: disease of the retina, as in diabetic retinopathy |
| scler/o | sclera (the white of the eye); also hard | Scleritis: inflammation of the sclera |
| conjunctiv/o | conjunctiva | Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye) |
| lacrim/o, dacry/o | tears, tear duct | Lacrimal gland: the gland that produces tears |
Ear
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| ot/o | ear | Otitis media: inflammation of the middle ear, often from infection |
| aur/o, aur/i | ear | Aural: pertaining to the ear |
| audi/o | hearing | Audiometry: a test that measures hearing |
| myring/o | eardrum | Myringotomy: a small incision in the eardrum, often to drain fluid or place ear tubes |
| tympan/o | eardrum; also middle ear | Tympanic membrane: the eardrum |
Root Words for Colors
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| erythr/o | red | Erythrocyte: a red blood cell |
| leuk/o | white | Leukocyte: a white blood cell |
| melan/o | black, dark | Melanoma: a cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells that make the pigment melanin |
| cyan/o | blue | Cyanosis: a bluish color of the skin or lips, usually caused by low oxygen in the blood |
| xanth/o | yellow | Xanthoma: a yellowish deposit of fat under the skin |
| cirrh/o | tawny yellow, orange-yellow | Cirrhosis: severe scarring of the liver, named for the tawny color of the diseased organ |
| eosin/o | rosy, red | Eosinophil: a white blood cell whose granules stain red with the dye eosin |
| poli/o | gray | Poliomyelitis (polio): a viral disease named for the inflammation it can cause in the gray matter of the spinal cord |
General Root Words: Cells, Tissue, Disease, Water and More
These roots appear in every body system. The root word for water is hydr/o; its Latin counterpart, aque/o, is less common. The root for fire is pyr/o, which also means fever, and the root for light is phot/o.
| Combining form | Meaning | Example term (meaning) |
|---|---|---|
| cyt/o | cell | Cytology: the study of cells |
| hist/o | tissue | Histology: the study of tissues |
| path/o | disease | Pathology: the study of disease |
| hydr/o | water, fluid | Dehydration: a condition in which the body loses more water and fluids than it takes in |
| aque/o | water | Aqueous humor: the watery fluid in the front part of the eye |
| lip/o, adip/o | fat | Lipoma: a noncancerous fatty lump. Adipose tissue: body fat |
| carcin/o | cancer | Carcinogen: a substance that can cause cancer |
| onc/o | tumor | Oncology: the specialty that diagnoses and treats cancer |
| sarc/o | flesh, connective tissue | Sarcoma: a cancer that starts in bone or in soft tissues such as muscle, fat or cartilage |
| necr/o | death | Necrosis: death of cells or tissue |
| fibr/o | fiber | Fibrosis: thickening and scarring of tissue |
| lith/o | stone | Lithotripsy: breaking up stones, for example with shock waves |
| myc/o | fungus | Mycosis: a fungal infection |
| therm/o | heat | Hypothermia: an abnormally low body temperature |
| pyr/o, pyret/o | fever (pyr/o also means fire) | Antipyretic: a medicine that reduces fever |
| phot/o | light | Photophobia: abnormal sensitivity to light |
| iatr/o | physician, medical treatment | Iatrogenic: caused by medical treatment |
| xer/o | dry | Xerostomia: dry mouth |
Greek and Latin Pairs That Mean the Same Thing
Medical language borrows from both Greek and Latin, so many body parts have two combining forms. As a loose pattern, Greek forms often name diseases, procedures and specialties (nephritis, nephrology), while Latin forms often describe anatomy (renal artery). There are plenty of exceptions, such as mammography, so learn both.
| Meaning | Greek form (example) | Latin form (example) |
|---|---|---|
| kidney | nephr/o (nephrectomy) | ren/o (renal) |
| skin | derm/o, dermat/o (dermatology) | cutane/o (subcutaneous) |
| eye | ophthalm/o (ophthalmology) | ocul/o (ocular) |
| muscle | my/o (myalgia) | muscul/o (muscular) |
| bone | oste/o (osteoporosis) | oss/e, oss/i (osseous) |
| vein | phleb/o (phlebitis) | ven/o (intravenous) |
| lung | pneum/o, pneumon/o (pneumonia) | pulmon/o (pulmonary) |
| mouth | stomat/o (stomatitis) | or/o (oral) |
| tongue | gloss/o (glossitis) | lingu/o (sublingual) |
| nose | rhin/o (rhinoplasty) | nas/o (nasal) |
| breast | mast/o (mastectomy) | mamm/o (mammogram) |
| uterus | hyster/o (hysterectomy) | uter/o (uterine) |
| ovary | oophor/o (oophorectomy) | ovari/o (ovarian) |
| vagina | colp/o (colposcopy) | vagin/o (vaginitis) |
| urinary bladder | cyst/o (cystitis) | vesic/o (vesicoureteral) |
| testis | orchi/o (orchitis) | test/o (testicular) |
| joint | arthr/o (arthritis) | articul/o (articular) |
| vertebra | spondyl/o (spondylitis) | vertebr/o (vertebral) |
| tears | dacry/o (dacryocystitis) | lacrim/o (lacrimal) |
| ear | ot/o (otitis) | aur/o, aur/i (aural) |
| water | hydr/o (hydrocephalus) | aque/o (aqueous) |
For blood, hem/o and hemat/o are Greek; the Latin root sanguin- appears in only a few terms, such as sanguineous (bloody) wound drainage.
Look-Alike Roots and Roots With Two Meanings
- my/o, myel/o and myc/o: muscle (myalgia), spinal cord or bone marrow (myelomeningocele, myelosuppression) and fungus (mycosis).
- hydr/o and hidr/o: water (hydrocephalus) and sweat (hyperhidrosis).
- hem/o, hemat/o and hemi-: blood (hemorrhage, hematuria) and half (hemiplegia).
- arthr/o and arteri/o: joint (arthritis) and artery (arteriosclerosis).
- ile/o and ili/o: the ileum, the last part of the small intestine (ileostomy), and the ilium, the upper part of the hip bone (iliac crest).
Some roots also have two meanings, and the rest of the term or the context tells you which one is meant: acr/o (extremities or height), myel/o (spinal cord or bone marrow), cervic/o (cervix or neck), salping/o (fallopian tube or eustachian tube), kerat/o (cornea or horny tissue), scler/o (sclera or hard), vas/o (vessel or the vas deferens) and cyst/o (urinary bladder or any sac).
How to Break Down a Medical Term
Use the same four steps for any unfamiliar term:
- Split it into parts: the suffix at the end, any prefix at the beginning and the root or roots in between.
- Define the suffix first.
- Define the prefix, if there is one, then the roots in order.
- Put the meanings together, then confirm the definition in a medical dictionary or your textbook.
Worked Examples
- Hepatosplenomegaly = hepat/o (liver) + splen/o (spleen) + -megaly (enlargement): enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Cholecystectomy = chol/e (bile) + cyst (bladder, sac) + -ectomy (surgical removal): removal of the "bile bladder," better known as the gallbladder. Note the combining vowel e.
- Electroencephalogram = electr/o (electricity) + encephal/o (brain) + -gram (record): a recording of the brain's electrical activity (EEG).
Literal meanings are a starting point, not the full definition. Hydrocephalus literally means "water head," but it is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
For more practice, MedlinePlus, from the U.S. National Library of Medicine, offers a free Understanding Medical Words tutorial and a list of word parts and what they mean.
Quick Quiz: Medical Root Words
1. What does the combining form hemat/o mean?
a) half
b) blood
c) liver
d) vein
2. Which combining form means muscle?
a) myel/o
b) my/o
c) myc/o
d) mening/o
3. Which term contains the combining form for water?
a) hyperhidrosis
b) hydrocephalus
c) hysterectomy
d) hematoma
4. Nephr/o and ren/o both refer to which organ?
a) liver
b) kidney
c) bladder
d) lung
5. Which combining form means eyelid?
a) blephar/o
b) kerat/o
c) ocul/o
d) ot/o
6. Which term means surgical removal of the uterus?
a) hysterectomy
b) oophorectomy
c) salpingectomy
d) mastectomy
7. Which tube carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder?
a) urethra
b) ureter
c) bronchus
d) fallopian tube
8. Which combining form means disease?
a) path/o
b) hist/o
c) cyt/o
d) phag/o
Answers
- b) blood. Hem/o and hemat/o both mean blood, as in hematoma. The prefix hemi- means half, and hepat/o means liver.
- b) my/o, as in myalgia. Myel/o means spinal cord or bone marrow, myc/o means fungus and mening/o refers to the meninges.
- b) hydrocephalus (hydr/o = water). Hyperhidrosis contains hidr/o (sweat), hysterectomy contains hyster/o (uterus) and hematoma contains hemat/o (blood).
- b) kidney. Nephr/o is Greek and ren/o is Latin, as in nephrology and renal.
- a) blephar/o, as in blepharitis. Kerat/o refers to the cornea (or hard, horny tissue), ocul/o to the eye and ot/o to the ear.
- a) hysterectomy (hyster/o = uterus). Oophorectomy removes an ovary, salpingectomy a fallopian tube and mastectomy a breast.
- b) ureter. The urethra carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
- a) path/o, as in pathology. Hist/o means tissue, cyt/o means cell and phag/o means eat or swallow.
For a longer test, try our free 50-question medical terminology quiz with answers.
Want more practice? Our Medical Terminology Workbook is an exercise-only companion with matching columns, fill-in-the-blank questions, multiple-choice questions, true or false and picture labeling.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a root word in medical terminology?
A root word, or word root, is the part of a medical term that carries its core meaning, usually a body part. In gastritis, the root gastr means stomach and the suffix -itis means inflammation.
What is the difference between a root word and a combining form?
A combining form is a root word plus a combining vowel, usually o, written with a slash, such as cardi/o. The vowel lets the root join a suffix that starts with a consonant or another root, as in cardiology and cardiomyopathy.
What is the root word for blood?
Hem/o and hemat/o both mean blood, as in hemoglobin and hematology. The suffix -emia means a blood condition, as in anemia.
What is the root word for muscle?
My/o and muscul/o both mean muscle, as in myalgia (muscle pain), myocardium (heart muscle) and musculoskeletal. Don't confuse my/o with myel/o, which means spinal cord or bone marrow.
What is the root word for water?
Hydr/o means water or fluid, as in dehydration and hydrocephalus. The Latin form aque/o appears in aqueous humor. Watch out for hidr/o, which means sweat, as in hyperhidrosis.
What is the best way to learn medical root words?
Learn them by body system with their Greek and Latin pairs, test yourself with flashcards over several days instead of rereading, and break down every new term you meet. For more techniques, see 10 Strategies to Memorize Medical Terminology.
Keep Going
Root words carry the core meaning of most medical terms, so every one you learn makes the next term easier to decode. To keep building your vocabulary, see our Medical Terminology textbook, written by doctors, with more than 100,000 copies sold, and the companion Medical Terminology Workbook for self-testing, or take our online Medical Terminology Course. You can see all our books on our Textbooks page.